语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

DBLP是计算机科学科学文章的最大开放访问存储库，并提供与出版物，作者和场地相关的元数据。我们从DBLP中检索了超过600万个出版物，并从出版物文本中提取了相关的元数据（例如摘要，作者分支机构，引用），以创建DBLP Discovery Dataset（D3）。 D3可用于确定计算机科学研究的研究活动，生产力，偏见，可及性和影响的趋势。我们提出了针对计算机科学研究量（例如论文，作者，研究活动的数量），感兴趣主题和引文模式的初步分析。我们的发现表明，计算机科学是一个不断增长的研究领域（每年约15％），拥有一个积极的协作研究员社区。与前几十年相比，近年来的论文提供了更多的书目条目，但引用的平均数量仍在下降。调查论文的摘要表明，最近的主题趋势在D3中明显反映。最后，我们列出了D3和提出补充研究问题的进一步应用。 D3数据集，我们的发现和源代码可公开用于研究目的。

我们生活中情绪的重要性和普及性使得情感计算了一个非常重要和充满活力的工作。自动情感识别（AER）和情感分析的系统可以是巨大进展的促进者（例如，改善公共卫生和商业），而且还有巨大伤害的推动者（例如，用于抑制持不同政见者和操纵选民）。因此，情感计算社区必须积极地与其创作的道德后果搞。在本文中，我已经从AI伦理和情感认可文学中综合和组织信息，以提出与AER相关的五十个道德考虑因素。值得注意的是，纸张捏出了隐藏在如何框架的假设，并且在经常对数据，方法和评估的选择中的选择。特别关注在隐私和社会群体上的AER对AER的影响。沿途，关键建议是针对负责任的航空制作的。纸张的目标是促进和鼓励更加思考为什么自动化，如何自动化，以及如何在建立AER系统之前判断成功。此外，该纸张作为情感认可的有用介绍文件（补充调查文章）。

情感动态是一种测量个人情绪随着时间的推移如何变化的框架。这是一个有力的工具，了解我们如何与世界互动。在本文中，我们介绍了一个框架，通过一个人的话语跟踪情感动态。具体而言，我们介绍了许多通过心理学工作的发动机情感动态（UED）指标。我们使用这种方法来追踪电影角色的情绪弧。我们分析了数千个这样的字符弧，以测试假设，以告知我们更广泛地了解故事。值得注意的是，我们表明人物倾向于使用越来越多的负面词，并且彼此越来越情绪不全，直到叙事长度的约90％。UED还具有行为研究，社会科学和公共卫生的应用。

In this paper, we assess the viability of transformer models in end-to-end InfoSec settings, in which no intermediate feature representations or processing steps occur outside the model. We implement transformer models for two distinct InfoSec data formats - specifically URLs and PE files - in a novel end-to-end approach, and explore a variety of architectural designs, training regimes, and experimental settings to determine the ingredients necessary for performant detection models. We show that in contrast to conventional transformers trained on more standard NLP-related tasks, our URL transformer model requires a different training approach to reach high performance levels. Specifically, we show that 1) pre-training on a massive corpus of unlabeled URL data for an auto-regressive task does not readily transfer to binary classification of malicious or benign URLs, but 2) that using an auxiliary auto-regressive loss improves performance when training from scratch. We introduce a method for mixed objective optimization, which dynamically balances contributions from both loss terms so that neither one of them dominates. We show that this method yields quantitative evaluation metrics comparable to that of several top-performing benchmark classifiers. Unlike URLs, binary executables contain longer and more distributed sequences of information-rich bytes. To accommodate such lengthy byte sequences, we introduce additional context length into the transformer by providing its self-attention layers with an adaptive span similar to Sukhbaatar et al. We demonstrate that this approach performs comparably to well-established malware detection models on benchmark PE file datasets, but also point out the need for further exploration into model improvements in scalability and compute efficiency.

DNA-Encoded Library (DEL) technology has enabled significant advances in hit identification by enabling efficient testing of combinatorially-generated molecular libraries. DEL screens measure protein binding affinity though sequencing reads of molecules tagged with unique DNA-barcodes that survive a series of selection experiments. Computational models have been deployed to learn the latent binding affinities that are correlated to the sequenced count data; however, this correlation is often obfuscated by various sources of noise introduced in its complicated data-generation process. In order to denoise DEL count data and screen for molecules with good binding affinity, computational models require the correct assumptions in their modeling structure to capture the correct signals underlying the data. Recent advances in DEL models have focused on probabilistic formulations of count data, but existing approaches have thus far been limited to only utilizing 2-D molecule-level representations. We introduce a new paradigm, DEL-Dock, that combines ligand-based descriptors with 3-D spatial information from docked protein-ligand complexes. 3-D spatial information allows our model to learn over the actual binding modality rather than using only structured-based information of the ligand. We show that our model is capable of effectively denoising DEL count data to predict molecule enrichment scores that are better correlated with experimental binding affinity measurements compared to prior works. Moreover, by learning over a collection of docked poses we demonstrate that our model, trained only on DEL data, implicitly learns to perform good docking pose selection without requiring external supervision from expensive-to-source protein crystal structures.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a tremendous impact across most areas of science. Applications of AI in healthcare have the potential to improve our ability to detect, diagnose, prognose, and intervene on human disease. For AI models to be used clinically, they need to be made safe, reproducible and robust, and the underlying software framework must be aware of the particularities (e.g. geometry, physiology, physics) of medical data being processed. This work introduces MONAI, a freely available, community-supported, and consortium-led PyTorch-based framework for deep learning in healthcare. MONAI extends PyTorch to support medical data, with a particular focus on imaging, and provide purpose-specific AI model architectures, transformations and utilities that streamline the development and deployment of medical AI models. MONAI follows best practices for software-development, providing an easy-to-use, robust, well-documented, and well-tested software framework. MONAI preserves the simple, additive, and compositional approach of its underlying PyTorch libraries. MONAI is being used by and receiving contributions from research, clinical and industrial teams from around the world, who are pursuing applications spanning nearly every aspect of healthcare.

近年来，卷积神经网络（CNN）证明了它们在许多领域解决问题的能力，并且以前无法进行准确性。但是，这带有广泛的计算要求，这使得普通CPU无法提供所需的实时性能。同时，FPGA对加速CNN推断的兴趣激增。这是由于他们有能力创建具有不同级别的并行性的自定义设计。此外，与GPU相比，FPGA提供每瓦的性能更好。基于FPGA的CNN加速器的当前趋势是实现多个卷积层处理器（CLP），每个处理器都针对一层层量身定制。但是，CNN体系结构的日益增长的复杂性使得优化目标FPGA设备上可用的资源，以使最佳性能更具挑战性。在本文中，我们提出了CNN加速器和随附的自动设计方法，该方法采用元启发式学来分区可用的FPGA资源来设计多CLP加速器。具体而言，提出的设计工具采用模拟退火（SA）和禁忌搜索（TS）算法来查找所需的CLP数量及其各自的配置，以在给定的目标FPGA设备上实现最佳性能。在这里，重点是关键规格和硬件资源，包括数字信号处理器，阻止RAM和芯片内存储器带宽。提出了使用四个众所周知的基准CNN的实验结果和比较，表明所提出的加速框架既令人鼓舞又有前途。基于SA-/TS的多CLP比在加速Alexnet，Squeezenet 1.1，VGGNET和Googlenet架构上的最新单个/多CLP方法高1.31x-2.37倍高2.37倍。和VC709 FPGA板。

本文提议使用修改的完全连接层转移初始化，以进行1900诊断。卷积神经网络（CNN）在图像分类中取得了显着的结果。但是，由于图像识别应用程序的复杂性，培训高性能模型是一个非常复杂且耗时的过程。另一方面，转移学习是一种相对较新的学习方法，已在许多领域使用，以减少计算来实现良好的性能。在这项研究中，Pytorch预训练的模型（VGG19 \ _bn和WideresNet -101）首次在MNIST数据集中应用于初始化，并具有修改的完全连接的层。先前在Imagenet中对使用的Pytorch预培训模型进行了培训。提出的模型在Kaggle笔记本电脑中得到了开发和验证，并且在网络培训过程中没有花费巨大的计算时间，达到了99.77％的出色精度。我们还将相同的方法应用于SIIM-FISABIO-RSNA COVID-19检测数据集，并达到80.01％的精度。相比之下，以前的方法在训练过程中需要大量的压缩时间才能达到高性能模型。代码可在以下链接上找到：github.com/dipuk0506/spinalnet